Political Parties and Democracy: Are Political Parties Still the Main Pillar in the Democratization of the Indonesian Government?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61166/policy.v2i1.10Keywords:
political parties, Indonesian democracy, main pillars, democratization of governmentAbstract
Theoretically and normatively, Political Parties are articulate organizations that are channels for the interests of the community to be fought for to become state policies. Democracy, with all its attributes, will not exist without the presence of Political Parties. Therefore, Political Parties must be able to build an effective and stable Indonesian Democracy, but in practice the personalization of Political Parties is increasingly strengthening, which gives rise to the latent danger of ideological fragmentation, hegemony and internal conflict. This condition has justified the assumption that Political Parties, which are de jure the main pillars of democracy, but de facto have no contribution to the Democratization of Government.
References
Ambardi, Kuskridho, 2009. Mengungkap Politik Kartel: Studi Tentang Sistem Kepartaian di Indonesia Era Reformasi, Jakarta, KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia).
Budiardjo, Miriam. 1996. Demokrasi di Indonesia; Demokrasi Parlementer dan Demokrasi Pancasila. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
------------, 1998. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Braddy, Phillip and Michael Campbell. 2014. Using Political Skill to Maximize and Leverage Work Relationships. The Center for Creative Leadership (CCL®).
Chatterjee, Anupama. 2007. Impact of Spirituality and Political Skills on Transformational Leadership. Great Lakes Institute of Management, Chennai, India.
Darwin, Muhadjir. 1996. Demokratisasi Birokrasi Di Indonesia. Dalam Riza Noer Arfani (editor). Demokrasi Indonesia Kontemporer. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Firmanzah, 2007. Mengelola Partai Politik: Komunikasi dan Posi-tioning Ideologi Politik di Era Demokrasi. Jakarta, Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
------------, 2010 Persaingan, Legitimasi Kekuasaan, dan Marketing Politik: Pembelajaran Politik Pemilu 2009. Jakarta, Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31 (1), 126-152.
Gaffar, Affan, 2000, Politik Indonesia, Transisi Menuju Demokrasi. Jogjakarta, Pustaka Pelajar.
Hanan, Djayadi. 2014. Menakar Presiedensilaisme Multipartai di Indonesia; Upaya Mencari Format Demokrasi yang Stabil dan Dinamis dalam Konteks Indonesia. PT Mizan Publika. Bandung.
Hartley, Jean; John Alford; Owen Hughes and Sophie Yates. 2013. Leading with political astuteness A study of public managers in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. the Australia and New Zealand School of Government and the Chartered Management Institute, United Kingdom.
Heywood, Andrew, 2002. Politics. Palgrave Foundations, Second Edition, New York.
Hofmeister, Wilhelm and Karsten Grabow.2011.Political Parties : Functions And Organisation In Democratic Societies. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: Singapore.
Imawan, Riswandha, 2004. Partai Politik Di Indonesia: Pergulatan Se-tengah Hati Mencari Jati Diri. Pidato Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar dalam Ilmu Politik pada Fa-kultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta.
------------, 2011. Quo Vadis Demokrasi Indonesia. Research Center for Politics and Government Jurusan Politik dan Pemerintahan Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.
Mayer, Thomas, 2012. Peran Partai Politik dalam Sebuah Sistem Demokrasi: Sembilan Tesis. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Cetakan ketiga. Jakarta.
Noer, Hamka Hendra, 2014. Ketidak Netralan Birokrasi Indonesia: Studi Zaman Orde Baru sampai Orde Reformasi. PT Elex Media Komputindo, Kompas Gramedia, Jakarta.
Ramses, Andy M., Partai Politik Dalam Politik Indonesia Pasca Reformasi, Jurnal Ilmu Pemerin-tahan, Edisi: 27, Masyarakat Ilmu Pemerintahan Indonesia (MIPI), Jakarta, 2008;
Ramses, Andy M., dan La Bakry (editor), 2009. Politik dan Pemerintahan Indonesia. Masyarakat Ilmu Pe-merintahan Indonesia (MIPI), Jakarta.
Redjo, Samugyo Ibnu. 2001. Reposisi Birokrasi dalam Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah: Demokrasi sebagai Model. Dalam Andi A. Malarangeng dkk. (Asep Nurjaman; editor). Otonomi Daerah: Perspektif Teoritis dan Praktis. Yogyakarta: BIGRA Fublising.
Surbakti, Ramlan. 1992. Memahami Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Widiasarana.
Karim Suryadi. Membangun Wawasan Kebangsaan Partai Politik: Perspektif Komunikasi Politik. Jurnal Sekretariat Negara RI | No. 14 | November 2009. Hal 165-179
Supriatna, Tjahya. 2000. Akuntabilitas Pemerintahan dalam Administrasi Publik. Bandung: Indra Prahasta.
Schläger, Catrina and Judith Christ (Eds.) 2014.Modern Political Party Management-What Can Be Learned from International Practices?. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Shanghai Coordination Office for International Cooperation, 7A Da An Plaza East Tower, 829 Yan An Zhong Road.Shanghai
UUD 1945 Hasil Amandemen, Sinar Grafika, Cetakan Pertama, 2002;
Ware, A. 1996. Political Parties and Party System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-----------, 2009. The Dynamics of Two Party Politics: Party Structures and the Management of Competition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Winters, Jeffrey A. 2011. Oligarki. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Yuda AR, Hanta, 2010. Presidensialisme Setengah Hati Dari Dilema ke Kompromi. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
